Horizontal Syllabusとは

Andy Lankshear
children with their hands up and their teacher
所要时间: 5分间

今回は私がここ数年、若い学习者の授業で実践してきたことを紹介したいと思います。私はこれをHorizontal Syllabusと呼んでいます。これは学習ユニットをデザインする方法であり、学习者の学習方法について私たちが知っていることでもあります。学习者には間隔を置いた反復学習が必要であり、簡単で管理しやすい課題から、より要求の高い自立した課題へと進んでいく必要があるのはご存じでしょう。まず、間隔をあけた反復学習とは、学習が定着するまでの間、間隔をあけて情報を見直し、思い出すという記憶術です。My Disney Stars and Heroesでは、ユニットを通して学習する言葉を繰り返し使用することでこれを実現していますが、Horizontal Syllabusの設計では、レッスン語彙やフレーズを復習することで、さらに強化することができます。つまり、ページからページに移動するのではなく(Vertical Syllabus)、ユニットを進めるごとに各ページを再確認し、積み重ねていきます。

本记事では特に、私が「拡张インプット」と呼んでいるインプットの段阶に焦点を当てます。このインプットは、意味の伝达、セグメンテーション、発声、発音のチェック、语汇への批判的関与から构成されます。

次回のウェビナー(2025年8月24日)とさらに2回のブログでは、アウトプットと評価、そしてMy Disney Stars and Heroesの特定のユニットのためのHorizontal Syllabusをどのようにまとめるかについても紹介していきます。では、拡張インプットの段階について見てみましょう。

1.意味を伝える

意味を伝えるには、画像や文脈を手がかりにしたり、学习者の母語を使ったりします。学习者にとって本質的に意味のない音を練習することは逆効果だからです。単語のイメージや概念がなければ、学习者はうまく学べません。意味が記憶されたり、画像が単語と結びけられていると決めつけてはいけません。ユニットを通して定期的に意味を確認することが大切です。

2.セグメンテーション

セグメンテーションとは、语汇リストを扱いやすい学习チャンクに分け、长い単语を扱いやすい音节チャンクに分割することです。语汇リストは、3つの単语を目安に分けます。一度に3つの単语を习得するまで教え、习得したら次の3つに移る、という具合です。物事を3つに分けて覚える、作业记忆の上限の倾向を利用するのです。ですから、My Disney Stars and Heroesの各ユニットのVocabulary 1にある8つの語彙項目は、3+3+2として教えます。また、長い単語(多音節の単語)は分割し、それぞれの音節の発音を教えます。生徒の集中力を高めるため、私はこれらの単語を逆に教えます。例えば、「traditional」という単語を教えるときは、「tional / ditional / traditional」の順番にします。

3.贰濒辞肠耻迟颈辞苍

発音には発声練習が欠かせません。口の動かし方、舌の動かし方、息の整え方を知らなければ、学习者たちはうまく発音することができません(うまく、というのは、特定のアクセントをまねるのではなく、相手にとってわかりやすく、という意味です)。日本語には46の音節がありますが、それを生み出す音の数は限られています(子音が12~21((数え方による))、母音が5)。つまり、日本語には17~26の異なる音があるということです。しかし、英語には44の異なる音(音素と呼ばれます)があります。これらの動きは、ボールの蹴り方を覚えるのと同じように、筋肉の記憶として覚え込ませることが必要です。では、どうすればいいのでしょう?フォニックス?チャンツは、これらの音を聞いたり、再現したり、発音を見たりするのに便利です――をご覧ください。また、語彙を教えるときには、「Please look at my mouth.」(私の口を見てください)と言いましょう。特に新しい音、例えば/th/, /f/, /s/ /r/などについては、あなたの動きをまねるように学习者に指示しましょう。これらの音の教え方に慣れるには、Jane Setterの Your Voice Speaks Volumes が参考になります。また、ホワイトボードに手振り身振りで舌の位置を示す絵を描いたりします(もちろん、见えにくいですが!)-これは特に/迟丑/と/谤/の音を教えるのに便利です。练习が终わったら、生徒をペアにし、お互いにチェックさせます。また、自分でも、直接あるいは动画を撮って确认しましょう。

4.発音のチェック

次の段階は、学习者が自分で学習をコントロールできるようにすることです。My Disney Stars and Heroesの各ユニットには主要な語彙項目に番号が振ってあるので、私は学习者にはどの語彙項目を練習したいかを指で示すように言っています。学习者たちはまだその単語を言えないので、私が選んで答える方が早いからです。生徒が指で4を示したら、私は語彙項目4(例:レベル4のユニット2のfestival、/f/と/v/の音の発音を口で示す)を教えます。Horizontal Syllabusのように、私はこのユニットを通して何度も繰り返し练习させます。

5.Critical engagement

拡大インプットの最終段階は、語彙のCritical engagementです。My Disney Stars and Heroesの各ユニットでは、絵の中に出てくる语汇を特定したり、穴埋め问题に书き込んだりするような、アクティビティ演习があります。ほかにも、ランク付け、分类、推测なども可能です。例えば、レベル4のユニット2の语汇は次のようなものが含まれます。

  • fireworks
  • float
  • parade
  • festival
  • costume
  • traditional food
  • stall
  • lantern

物理的なアイテム(fireworks、 float、costume、traditional food、lantern)を、コスト、重さ、お祭りを成功させるための必要性などに応じてランク付けするように指示します。また、柔らかいもの、硬いもの、安いもの、高いものに分類したり、自分が見たことのあるお祭りを思い浮かべ、それらのアイテムがあったかどうかを考えさせたります。さらに、冬のお祭りと夏のお祭りでは、どのようなアイテムが適しているのか推測させます。これは、学習している言語項目を別の文脈で使うための訓練になります。?

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このような拡張インプット教授法をユニットを通して行うことで、学习者はインプットの頻度を増やし、集中して発音練習をし、批判的に取り組むことで学習する機会を増やすことができます。このほかにも、インプットとアウトプットの両方のアクティビティがいくつかありますが、これはここで説明するよりも、むしろお見せした方がよいでしょう。8月24日のウェビナーをご覧ください。また、これらのアクティビティをMy Disney Stars and HeroesのユニットをHorizontal Syllabusにまとめる方法もご绍介します。きっとご自身の豊富な教授法のレパートリーに加えられる新しいアイデアと、どのように授业を构成したらよいかを考える新しい方法を得られることと思います。

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最后に一言!各ユニットは、个人的?社会的能力スキルのページから始めましょう。これは、そのユニットと関连するテーマ(例えば、家庭で物を再利用する)を通して生徒を导く価値観を提供するからです。この価値観の学习は、言语学习そのものと同じように、繰り返し练习する必要があります!このことについては、近々开催するウェビナーで详しくお话しします。ぜひご参加ください!

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