Dersin ötesinde başarı: Eleştirel düşünme becerileri ve akademik ingilizce

ɫèAV Languages
Kitaplarla dolu bir odada elini kafasına götürmüş genç bir çocuk, üstünde bir ampul grafiği var

İngilizce Akademik Amaçlı (EAP) sınıfları, öğrencileri İngilizce'da verilen yüksek öğrenime hazırlamak için tasarlanmıştır. Öğrencilerin akıcı İngilizce konuşmacılarla dolu bir sınıf arasında kendilerini tutmaları beklenir. Bu nedenle, yalnızca dil becerilerine değil, aynı zamanda yükseköğretimin bugün talep ettiği akademik ve sosyal becerilere de sahip olmaları çok önemlidir. Ve öğrencilerimizin bu becerileri geliştirmelerini sağlamak öğretmenlere kalmıştır - ancak bu bir dengeleme eylemi gerektirir.

Birçok EAP kursu, üniversite sınıfı deneyiminin özgünlüğünden yoksundur. Dersler genellikle nispeten kısadır, sadece 5-10 dakika uzunluğundadır. Okuma iskele ve içerik çok yapılandırılmış, hatta aşırı yapılandırılmış. Daha sonra öğrencilerimiz iki saatlik dersler, 50+ sayfa okuma ve iskeleden uzak içerikle karşılaştıkları akademik derslerine geçerler. Peki, bu akademik, dilsel ve sosyal boşlukları nasıl kapatabiliriz? Öğrencilerin yüksek öğrenimde başarılı olmalarına yardımcı olacak bazı tekniklere bakalım.

Dilsel uçurumun kapatılması

Dilbilim boşlukları, içeriğe özgü dili veya öğrencilerin diğer öğrencilerle çalışırken karşılaştıkları gayri resmi dili veya bir kelimenin çağrışımsal ve anlamsal anlamlarını ve bağlamlarını içerebilir. Bu boşluğu doldurmak için derin kavramsal kelime bilgisi oluşturmamız gerekiyor. Öğrencilerin sadece etiket bilgisine sahip olmasını istemiyoruz. Etiket bilgisi, öğrencilerin eşleştirme veya çoktan seçmeli olduğu bir kelime metnini geçmelerini sağlar. Ancak akademik bir ortamda bu yeterli değildir. Derin kavramsal bilgi, bir kelimeyi gerçekten bilmek anlamına gelir.

Peki, bir kelimeyi bilmek ne anlama geliyor? Dilbilim bilgini Paul Nation'a göre, bir öğrencinin aşağıdakileri bilmesi gerekir:

  • Sözlü ve yazılı form
  • Kelimenin anlamı olan kısımları
  • Kelimenin biçimleri ve anlamları
  • Kelime ile ilişkili kavramlar ve kelime dağarcığı
  • Dilbilgisel işlev, herhangi bir eşdizimlilik
  • Kelimenin kaydı ve sıklığı

Bu çok fazla!

Bu kapsamlı bilgiyi oluşturmak için, bunu kasıtlı bir şekilde yapmamız gerekir. Eleştirel düşünme becerilerini geliştiren ve teşvik eden ve öğrencilerin ilgisini çeken çeşitli etkinlikler oluşturmamız gerekiyor.

İşte bir örnek:

"Merhaba! Bugünkü özel konferansımızda birçoğunuzu görmekten çok memnunum. Today, karma bir ٴDZܱğܲ nasıl planlandığını ve inşa edildiğini anlatacağım. İlk olarak, karma çı bir ٴDZܱğܲ ne olduğuna bakalım ve ardından planlama ve binayı tartışacağız. Birçoğunuzun bildiği gibi, karma çı bir topluluk , konut alanlarını, iş alanlarını, hizmetleri ve yeşil alanları içeren bir mahalledir. Planlamaya ne dersiniz? İlk olarak, karma çı ٴDZܱܰı planlarken, mimarlar, şehir planlamacıları ve inşaatçılar her şeyin nereye yerleştirileceğini planlamak için birlikte çalışırlar. մDZܱğܲ tamamen yürünebilir olmasını istedikleri için, evlerin okullardan, hizmetlerden ve diğer işletmelerden ne kadar uzakta olduğunu düşünmeleri gerekir. Ardından, ne tür işletmelere ve hizmetlere ihtiyaç duyulduğuna dikkatlice bakarlar. Daha sonra, insanların topluluktaki herhangi bir yere kolayca ulaşabilmeleri ve araba trafiği konusunda endişelenmemeleri için kaldırımlar tasarlamaları gerekir. Today, planlamacılar, giderek daha fazla insan işe bisikletle gittiği için bisiklet yollarını bile dahil etmeyi düşünüyorlar. Son olarak, ihtiyaç duyacakları farklı konut alanı türlerini göz önünde bulundurmaları gerekir. Çok çeşitli sakinleri çekmek için evler ve daireler inşa ediyorlar. Bu topluluklar giderek daha popüler hale geliyor, ancak bunları planlamak hala zaman ve bir ekip gerektiriyor."

ışı ve topluluk terimleri kalın harflerle yazılmıştır. Öğrencileri, bu kelimelerin nasıl kullanıldığına, aldıkları biçimlere, etraflarındaki kelimelere, eşdizimlerine ve bu kelimelerle ilişkili kavramlara dair basit bir fark etme etkinliğiyle meşgul edebilirsiniz. Bunun gibi bir alıştırma, öğrencilerin bu kelimeleri derinlemesine anlamalarına yardımcı olacaktır. Ve bu derin anlayış, öğrencilerin bu terimler etrafında bağlantılar kurmasını ve sonuçlar çıkarmasını sağlayacaktır.

Akademik boşluğu kapatmak

EAP öğrencileri, çok iskeleli EAP kurslarından, dersten önce 50 dakika boyunca dinlemeleri ve not almaları veya 50+ sayfa okumaları gereken kurslara geçerler. Ek olarak, profesörleri, öğrencilerin sınıflarına bu anlayışla girmelerini bekledikleri için genellikle arka plan bilgisi veya iskele öğrenimi oluşturmazlar. Bu da akademik bir boşluk yaratabilir.

Bu boşluğu doldurmak söz konusu olduğunda, içerik talimat için bir araç olabilir. Öğrencileri akademik disiplinlerin diline erkenden maruz bırakmak, arka plan bilgisi oluşturabilir ve ezberci dil eğitiminden daha fazlasını isteyen öğrenciler için oldukça motive edici olabilir.

Sosyal uçurumu getirmek

Öğrenciler üniversite derslerine girdiklerinde akranlarıyla çalışmaları, grup etkinliklerine katılmaları, müzakere etmeleri, sırayla konuşmaları ve kendi fikirlerini diyaloga sokmaları beklenecektir. Bu sosyal beceriler, EAP kurslarında geliştirilmesi ve uygulanması gereken bir dil gerektirir.
Bunu, öğretim görevleri oluşturarak ve eleştirel düşünme becerilerini geliştirerek ve uygulayarak öğrenebilirsiniz. Sınıfınıza proje tabanlı öğrenmeyi tanıtmayı düşünün. Proje tabanlı öğrenmede, öğrenciler akranlarıyla birlikte çalışmalı, önceliklendirmeyi, müzakere etmeyi ve sorumluluk vermeyi öğrenmelidir. Bu tür görevleri ve etkinlikleri getirmek, yumuşak ve eleştirel düşünme becerilerinin geliştirilmesine yardımcı olur.

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    The solution: Building personalized courses at scale

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    • Speaking 33: Can describe basic activities or events happening at the time of speaking

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