Gençlerin eleştirel düşünmesini nasıl sağlarım?

Anna Roslaniec
Anna Roslaniec
Bir grup genç, bir masada oturmuÅŸ bir kadınla tartışıyorlardı, ayaÄŸa kalktı

Eleştirel düşünme, binlerce yıldır var olan bir 21. yüzyıl becerisidir. Sokrates'in M.Ö. 4. yüzyılda Yunanistan'da öğretilerinde eleştirel düşünme becerilerini kullandığına dair kayıtlar vardır. Ancak son yıllarda, eleştirel düşünme eğitimde yeniden daha belirgin hale geldi.

Eleştirel düşünme nedir?

Eleştirel düşünme, öğrencilerin bilgiyi hatırlamaktan ve tekrarlamaktan daha fazlasını yapmasını gerektirir. Bunun yerine, hem sınıf içinde hem de ötesinde çevrelerindeki dünyayı daha iyi anlamak için sorgulama, teorileştirme ve rasyonelleştirme yoluyla problem çözme yeteneklerini analiz etmeye, incelemeye, değerlendirmeye ve kullanmaya teşvik eder.

Eleştirel düşünme neden bu kadar önemli?

Geçmişte, eğitimdeki başarı büyük ölçüde gerçekleri ve rakamları hatırlama yeteneğine dayanıyordu. Ancak, öğrencilerimizin bugün ihtiyaç duyduğu beceriler ezberden daha ileri gitmektedir. Hızla gelişen teknolojimiz, internet ve çevrimiçi olarak şaşırtıcı miktarda bilgi ile, öğrencilerimizin kendilerine sunulan bilgileri analiz etmek ve değerlendirmek için üst düzey düşünme becerilerini kullanabilmeleri esastır.

Eleştirel düşünmeyi derslerinize nasıl dahil edebilirsiniz?

Uzun vadeli hedefler tasarlamak

İleriye bakmanın ve geleceği planlamanın önemini hepimiz biliyoruz. Bu beceriyi öğrencilerimizde teşvik edebilir ve öğrenmeleriyle doğrudan ilişkilendirebiliriz.

Kursun başlangıcında, her öğrenciyle ayrı ayrı sohbet etmek için bir dakikanızı ayırın ve yılın ilk kısmı için bir hedef belirlemelerini isteyin. Önce bir sınıf olarak olası hedefler için beyin fırtınası yapmak isteyebilirsiniz, ancak öğrencilerin onlara hedefler empoze etmek yerine kendi kişisel hedeflerini belirlemeleri önemlidir.

Yılın ilk yarısında, her öğrenciyle ilerlemeleri hakkında konuşabilir ve hedeflerine ne ölçüde ulaştıklarını değerlendirmelerini isteyebilirsiniz.

Kilit nokta, öğrencilerin ilerlemelerini değerlendirdikleri ve bir sonraki hedef için yeni bir hedef belirledikleri dönem sonunda gelir.

Analiz

Seçenekleri, riskleri ve görüşleri analiz etme yeteneği, gelecekte öğrencilerinize üniversitede hangi dersi alacaklarına veya hangi işi alacaklarına karar vermeleri de dahil olmak üzere birçok durumda yardımcı olacaktır.

Bu beceriyi, öğrencilere ilişkilendirilebilir durumlar sunarak ve onlardan seçenekleri analiz etmelerini ve karşılaştırmalarını isteyerek uygulayabilirsiniz.

Mesela:

Bu yaz bazı arkadaşlarınızla bir seyahate çıktığınızı hayal edin. Bir dizi farklı seçeneğiniz var ve planlarınızı tamamlamadan önce bunları tartışmak istiyorsunuz. Farklı seyahatler hakkında bir partnerle konuşun ve hangisinin en iyi olacağına karar verin:

  • Bir ay boyunca Avrupa'yı trenle dolaÅŸmak (1.000 $)
  • Kırsal kesimde bir hafta sonu yürüyüşü ve kamp (200 $)
  • AlışveriÅŸ, gezi ve müze gezileri ile büyük bir ÅŸehirde bir hafta sonu tatili (500 $)
  • Her ÅŸey dahil bir tesiste plaja bir haftalık gezi (650 $)

Sonuçları tahmin etmek

Öğrencilerin ayrıca eylemlerinin sonuçları hakkında bir farkındalığa sahip olmaları gerekir; Bu, iş kararları vermenin yanı sıra günlük yaşamlarında önemli olan bir beceridir.

Bu beceriyi uygulamak için öğrencileri küçük gruplara ayırın ve onlara koşullu bir cümlenin ilk bölümünü verin. Bir öğrenci cümleyi tamamlar ve ardından bir sonraki öğrenci bu ifadeye bir sonuç ekler.

Mesela:

Öğrenci A: İngilizce sınavıma çalışmazsam geçemem.

Öğrenci B: İngilizce sınavımı geçemezsem, ailem bu hafta sonu dışarı çıkmama izin vermiyor.

Öğrenci C: Bu hafta sonu dışarı çıkamazsam, büyük futbol maçını kaçıracağım.

Öğrenci D: Antrenörüm büyük maçı kaçırırsam gelecek yıl oynamama izin vermeyecek.

Sınıf menüsünü yeniden düzenleme

Öğrencilere daha fazla sorumluluk vererek ve dersin gelişimine yatırım yaptıklarını hissetmelerini sağlayarak, derse katılmak için çok daha fazla motive olacaklardır.

Bazen, öğrencilerin o günkü dersin içeriğini tartışmasına izin verin. Onlara, her birinin ne kadar süreceği de dahil olmak üzere, o gün için görevlerin bir listesini verin ve bunları tamamlayacakları sırayı tartışmalarına izin verin. Daha büyük sınıflar için, önce bunu çiftler veya küçük gruplar halinde yapmalarını sağlayın ve ardından tüm sınıf olarak oy verin.

Tahtaya yazın:

  • Sınıf tartışması (5 dakika)

Aşağıdaki görevler, sınıf olarak karar verdiğiniz sırayla yapılabilir. Görevleri istediğiniz gibi tartışmak ve düzenlemek için beş dakikanız var. Hazır olduğunuzda bunları sırayla tahtaya yazın.

  • Ödevleri kontrol edin (5 dakika)
  • Kelime taraması (10 dakika)
  • Kelime oyunu (5 dakika)
  • Okuma etkinliÄŸi (15 dakika)
  • Dilbilgisi inceleme oyunu (5 dakika)
  • KonuÅŸma etkinliÄŸi (10 dakika)

Dersin sonunda öğrencilerinizden her aktiviteyi 10 üzerinden değerlendirmelerini isteyerek bunu bir adım daha ileri götürün. Bu şekilde, hangi görevlerden hoşlandıklarını kolayca görecek ve gelecekte daha ilgi çekici dersler planlamanıza yardımcı olacaksınız.

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